↑ The history of claimed or proposed subspecies of H. sapiens is complicated and fraught with controversy.The only universally recognized subspecies is H. sapiens idaltu (1993). The name H. s. sapiens is due to Linnaeus (1758), and refers by definition the subspecies of which Linnaeus himself is the type specimen. However, Linnaeus postulated four other extant subspecies, viz. H. s. afer, H. s. americanus, H. s. asiaticus and H. s. ferus for Africans, Americans, Asians and Malay.This classification remained in common usage until the mid 20th century, sometimes alongide H. s. tasmanianus for Australians. See e.g. John Wendell Bailey, The Mammals of Virginia (1946), p. 356.; Journal of Mammalogy 26-27 (1945), p. 359.;The Mankind Quarterly 1-2 (1960), 113ff ("Zoological Subspecies of Man").The division of extant human populations into taxonomic subspecies was gradually given up in the 1970s (e.g. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Volume 11, p. 55).
↑ Liu, Hua và đồng nghiệp (2006). “A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History”. The American Journal of Human Genetics 79 (2): 230–237. PMC1559480. PMID16826514. doi:10.1086/505436. Currently available genetic and archaeological evidence is generally interpreted as supportive of a recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa. However, this is where the near consensus on human settlement history ends, and considerable uncertainty clouds any more detailed aspect of human colonization history.
↑ Green, RE; Krause, J; Briggs, AW; Maricic, T; Stenzel, U; Kircher, M; Patterson, N; Li, H; Zhai, W; Fritz, M. H. Y.; Hansen, N. F.; Durand, E. Y.; Malaspinas, A. S.; Jensen, J. D.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Alkan, C.; Prufer, K.; Meyer, M.; Burbano, H. A.; Good, J. M.; Schultz, R.; Aximu-Petri, A.; Butthof, A.; Hober, B.; Hoffner, B.; Siegemund, M.; Weihmann, A.; Nusbaum, C.; Lander, E. S.; Russ, C. và đồng nghiệp (2010). “A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome”. Science 328 (5979): 710–22. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..710G. PMC5100745 Kiểm tra giá trị |pmc= (trợ giúp). PMID20448178. doi:10.1126/science.1188021.
↑ Alemseged, Z.; Coppens, Y.; Geraads, D. (2002). “Hominid cranium from Homo: Description and taxonomy of Homo-323-1976-896”. Am J Phys Anthropol 117 (2): 103–12. PMID11815945. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10032.
↑ Stoneking, Mark; Soodyall, Himla (1996). “Human evolution and the mitochondrial genome”. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 6 (6): 731–6. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(96)80028-1.
↑ Gill, Victoria (1 tháng 5 năm 2009). “Africa's genetic secrets unlocked”. BBC News. ; the results were published in the online edition of the journal Science.
